var MySubs = new Array(); MySubs['yr'] = 'pronunciation |Can\’t read Persian script?
It says:
Yek Ruz Dar Rostamabad-e Shemiran'; MySubs['font'] = 'Font | This website can only be viewed on a Windows machine with Internet Explorer 5 or later browser.
In order to view the Persian script correctly, you must download the Nazanin font.
If you don\'t know how to install a font, follow these directions.

WARNING Even if your browser is displaying a default Persian/Arabic subset, it may look ok, but not all the characters will be displayed correctly.
The Nazanin font is required.'; MySubs['home'] = 'HOME | Click to go back to the
TITLE PAGE'; MySubs['ln'] = 'Footnotes | Click on the line number at the beginning of each line.
You will go directly to the notes for that line.'; MySubs['word'] = 'Word-by-Word Translation | Let your mouse hover on each word.
The English translation will appear.
(Only available for Part One.)'; MySubs['faq'] = 'FAQ | Click for all kinds of information'; MySubs['hand'] = 'Ordinary Handwriting | You can view each line of text in normal, everyday handwriting. Just hover on the quill pens.

All the samples in Part 1 were done by females, under age 40.'; MySubs['hand2'] = 'Ordinary Handwriting | You can view each line of text in normal, everyday handwriting. Just hover on the quill pens.

All the samples in Part 2 were done by males, under age 40.'; MySubs['hand3'] = 'Ordinary Handwriting | You can view each line of text in normal, everyday handwriting. Just hover on the quill pens.

All the samples in Part 3 were done by females, above age 40.'; MySubs['hand4'] = 'Ordinary Handwriting | You can view each line of text in normal, everyday handwriting. Just hover on the quill pens.

All the samples in Part 4 were done by males, above age 40.'; MySubs['flag'] = 'Paragraph Translations | You can see the translation of entire paragraphs by hovering on the flags.

Don\'t cheat and look until you\'re really stuck though!'; MySubs['fc'] = 'FLASHCARDS| Click to go to the FLASHCARDS for PART 1'; MySubs['fc2'] = 'FLASHCARDS| Click to go to the FLASHCARDS for PART 2'; MySubs['fc3'] = 'FLASHCARDS| Click to go to the FLASHCARDS for PART 3'; MySubs['fc4'] = 'FLASHCARDS| Click to go to the FLASHCARDS for PART 4'; MySubs['sound'] = 'AUDIO RECORDING| Click to listen to Part 1. (mp3 format, 9.2 MB)

DOUBLE CLICK your left mouse button to activate your player and wait for the recording to begin.
Or, press RIGHT mouse button for download ("save target as..." ) options.'; MySubs['sound2'] = 'AUDIO RECORDING| Click to listen to Part 2. (mp3 format, 11.6 MB)

DOUBLE CLICK your left mouse button to activate your player and wait for the recording to begin.
Or, press RIGHT mouse button for download ("save target as..." ) options.'; MySubs['sound3'] = 'AUDIO RECORDING| Click to listen to Part 3. (mp3 format, 13.9 MB)

DOUBLE CLICK your left mouse button to activate your player and wait for the recording to begin.
Or, press RIGHT mouse button for download ("save target as..." ) options'; MySubs['sound4'] = 'AUDIO RECORDING| Click to listen to Part 4. (mp3 format, 4.8 MB

DOUBLE CLICK your left mouse button to activate your player and wait for the recording to begin.
Or, press RIGHT mouse button for download ("save target as..." ) options.'; MySubs['print'] = 'PRINT | Print yourself a copy of the text of Part 1. You get to decide if you want with or without the diacritics (short vowels, tashdid\'s, ezāfe\'s.)

Choose one:
With diacritics
Without diacritics

then when your choice appears, click on the "print" icon up on the tool bar of your browser.

Warning: If you don\'t have the Nazanin font installed, you will get a printout full of errors.

To change the font size for your printout, look up on your toolbar and find VIEW then TEXTSIZE.'; MySubs['print2'] = 'PRINT | Print yourself a copy of the text of Part 1. You get to decide if you want with or without the diacritics (short vowels, tashdid\'s, ezāfe\'s.)

Choose one:
With diacritics
Without diacritics

then when your choice appears, click on the "print" icon up on the tool bar of your browser

Warning: If you don\'t have the Nazanin font installed, you will get a printout full of errors.

To change the font size for your printout, look up on your toolbar and find VIEW then TEXTSIZE.'; MySubs['print3'] = 'PRINT | Print yourself a copy of the text of Part 2. You get to decide if you want with or without the diacritics (short vowels, tashdid\'s, ezāfe\'s.)

Choose one:
With diacritics
Without diacritics

then when your choice appears, click on the "print" icon up on the tool bar of your browser.

Warning: If you don\'t have the Nazanin font installed, you will get a printout full of errors.

To change the font size for your printout, look up on your toolbar and find VIEW then TEXTSIZE.'; MySubs['print4'] = 'PRINT | Print yourself a copy of the text of Part 4. You get to decide if you want with or without the diacritics (short vowels, tashdid\'s, ezāfe\'s.)

Choose one:
With diacritics
Without diacritics

then when your choice appears, click on the "print" icon up on the tool bar of your browser.

Warning: If you don\'t have the Nazanin font installed, you will get a printout full of errors.

To change the font size for your printout, look up on your toolbar and find VIEW then TEXTSIZE.'; MySubs['poetry'] = 'Shortcut to the Poems | This story contains many poems throughout. They are taken up individually in the Notes as they occur in the story. However, if you would like to go to the poems directly, just click on the "POETRY" shortcut.
You can listen to the poems read in the dramatic, recitation style and, of interest to students, read according to the meter.
The poetry section of this website is under heavy construction and you may find great changes from day to day. '; MySubs['HO'] = 'HO: سَکْتة مَليح
The “Salty” i.e.“Sweet” Pause| When you see a CONSONANT + O (both in capital letters), that means the meter requires an extra short syllable.
When sung, the vowel /o/ is often added (hence this identification scheme on this site) but it can be any short vowel or more likely, just a pause. This syllable is called the /sakte-ye malih/ or /nim-fathe/ (half-fathe = half /a/).

If you listen to the audio recording, you\'ll hear how a native speaker, steeped in this poetry since childhood knows how to add this extra pause or syllable--without even thinking about it! '; MySubs['ambig-o'] = 'ambiguity | When recited orally, this verse can have a double meaning which otherwise gets lost when committed to writing.
Here, Qā\'āni makes use of the ambiguity of the phrase /be khodā/ which can also be read as /be khod ā/ meaning "come to yourself!".

Check out an even more delightful example:

آبِ کوزِه چُون دَرونِ جو شَوَد
مَحْو گَرْدَد دَر وی و خُود جو شَوَد

/āb-e kuze chon darun-e ju shavad/
/mahv gardad dar ve-o khod ju shavad/

"the water in the pitcher, as it goes into the stream"
"it becomes obliterated in it and itself becomes the stream"

but if we change /khod ju/ to /khod-ju/ which means "self-seeker", we get
"it becomes obliterated in it and becomes self-seeking."'; MySubs['fatehe'] = ' فاتِهَه /fātehe/|/fatehe/ not only means "opening" or "beginning", it is the name of the first chapter of the Qor\'ān '; MySubs['khatm'] = ' خَتْم /khatm/| /khatm/ means "end" but it also means reading of the entire Qor\'an from start to FINISH. '; MySubs['bezel'] = ' bezel| According to the Oxford English Dictionary...
BEZEL - The groove and projecting flange or lip by which the crystal of a watch or the stone of a jewel is retained in its setting. '; MySubs['gazette'] = ' gazette| According to the Oxford English Dictionary...[a. F. gazette, ad. It. gazzetta, pl. gazzette (whence the earliest forms in English), app. so called from the coin of that name (see GAZET below), which may have been the sum paid either for the paper itself or for the privilege of reading it; but a derivation from gazzetta, dim. of gazza magpie, is not impossible.
1. A news-sheet; a periodical publication giving an account of current events. (Now only Hist.)
The gazzetta was first published in Venice about the middle of the 16th c., and similar news-sheets appeared in France and England in the 17th. The untrustworthy nature of their reports is often alluded to by writers of that period; thus Florio explains gazzette as "running reports, daily newes, idle intelligences, or flim flam tales that are daily written from Italie, namely from Rome and Venice".

GAZET -A Venetian coin of small value.
The earliest quots. give its value as about three farthings, but Cotgr. says of the F. gazette, "scarce worth our farthing", and quot. 1682 agrees with this. Probably its worth varied in different places, as it was coined at Venice for circulation in the Levant.. '; MySubs['naphtha'] = ' naphtha| According to the Oxford English Dictionary...

NAPHTHA -[ L. naphtha, Gr. naftha (also nafthas), possibly of Oriental origin (but Arab. and Pers. naft is prob. from Greek); hence also It. and Sp. nafta, Pg. naphta, F. naphte.]
A name originally applied to an inflammable volatile liquid (a constituent of asphalt and bitumen) issuing from the earth in certain localities; now extended to most of the inflammable oils obtained by dry distillation of organic substances, esp. coal, shale, and petroleum.

According to the American Heritage Dictionary...

NAPHTHA- [Latin, from Greek, liquid bitumen, of Semitic origin.]
1. Any of several highly volatile, flammable liquid mixtures of hydrocarbons distilled from petroleum, coal tar, and natural gas and used as fuel, as solvents, and in making various chemicals. 2. Obsolete Petroleum. '; MySubs['emam'] = ' emam|

According to the Oxford English Dictionary...

IMAM, IMAUM [ Arab. imām leader, president, etc., f. amma to go before, precede. The form iman is that used in French and Spanish]
1. The officiating priest of a Muslim mosque.
2. A title given to various Muslim leaders and chiefs. Applied to a. the Caliph, as sovereign of the community, and (now or formerly) to other independent princes, e.g. the chief of Oman, b. the twelve chiefs of Islam recognized by the Ithnashari Shiites, of whom Ali, Hasan, and Husain were the earliest, c. the founders of the four orthodox sects of Muslims, d. the author of the leading treatise on any subject.

According to Encyclopaedia Britnnica...

ITHNA `ASHARIYAH also called IMAMIS, English TWELVERS, an important sect of the Shi`ah (one of the major branches of Islam), believing in a succession of 12 imams, leaders of the faith after the death of Muhammad, beginning with `Ali ibn Abi Talib, fourth caliph and the Prophet\'s son-in-law.
Each of the imams-`Ali, his sons Hasan and Husayn, `Ali Zayn al-`Abindin, Muhammad al-Baqir, Ja`far as-Sadiq, Musa al-Kazim, `Ali ar-Rida, Muhammad al-Jawad, `Ali al-Hadi, Hasan al-`Askari, and Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Hujjah- was chosen from the family of his predecessor, not necessarily the eldest son but a descendant deemed spiritually pure. The last imam recognized by the Ithna `Ashariyah disappeared in 873 and is thought to be alive and in hiding, ready to return at the Last Judgment. As the 12 imams are viewed as preservers of the faith and the only interpreters of the esoteric meaning of law and theology, a cult has grown around them, in which they are thought to influence the world\'s future. Pilgrimages to their tombs secure special rewards and are legitimate substitutes for pilgrimages to Mecca. ...Ithna `Ashariyah became the state religion of Iran under the Safavid dynasty (1501-1736), which claimed descent from the the 7th imam and added the words "I testify that `Ali is the wali (friend) of God" to the Muslim profession of faith (shahaddah)....

'; MySubs['apostate'] = ' apostate| According to the Oxford English Dictionary...

APOSTATE - One who abjures or forsakes his religious faith, or abandons his moral allegiance; a pervert. '; MySubs['cuckold'] = ' cuckold| According to the Oxford English Dictionary...

CUCKOLD - A derisive name for the husband of an unfaithful wife. '; MySubs['hanifah'] = ' Bu Hanife| Abu Hanifah, Al-Nu`man Ibn Thabit
699??(Kufah)-767??(Baghdad)

Sunni Muslim legal scholar and founder of the Hanafi mazhab or school of law.'; MySubs['shafii'] = ' Shafi`i| Al-Shafi`i, Abu `Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn Idris
767(Arabia)-820(al-Fustat, Egypt)

Sunni Muslim legal scholar and founder of the Shafi`iyah mazhab or school of law.'; MySubs['fuscous'] = ' fuscous| According to the Oxford English Dictionary...

FUSCOUS - Of a dark or sombre hue; dusky, swarthy. '; MySubs['ambig-w'] = 'ambiguity | There are two possible interpretations here dependingon how you choose to read one syllable. Only in a typical written text where the ezāfe is not marked can this ambiguity be enjoyed. One of the meanings will get lost if recited orally, the opposite situation from line 14.'; MySubs['nargis'] = 'narges, the Narcissus |

The narcissus flower with black "pupil" and white petals is likened by poets to the eye of the beloved.'; MySubs['ghazal'] = 'the Ghazal | For general information on the 7th-Century Arabian origins of the Ghazal, check out this article from Encyclopaedia Britannica
or this article from Encarta with information on the poetic form and the many similarities between the ghazal and the Japanese haiku'; MySubs['hafsad'] = 'Tazmin | Hafez liked this line of Sa`di\'s so much, he stuck it into one of his own ghazals. Check it out: phaf_ara.htm

And don\'t forget, we\'ve seen this before in another ghazal of Hafez ( phaf_elha.htm) where the 2 hemistichs which are in Arabic are, as the tradition goes, borrowed by Hafez from the divan of Caliph Yazid.
This kind of poetic "borrowing" is known as "tazmin." Usually only the first hemistich is borrowed from a famous poet and the second hemistich is artfully replaced with a new twist.'; MySubs['sadhaf'] = 'Tazmin | This is actually Sa`di\'s famous line. Hafez liked it so much, he decided to borrow it for himself.Check it out: psadi_unemiayad.htm

And don\'t forget, we\'ve seen this before in another ghazal of Hafez ( phaf_elha.htm) where the 2 hemistichs which are in Arabic are, as the tradition goes, borrowed by Hafez from the divan of Caliph Yazid.
This kind of poetic "borrowing" is known as "tazmin." Usually only the first hemistich is borrowed from a famous poet and the second hemistich is artfully replaced with a new twist.'; MySubs['yazhaf'] = 'The infamous Yazid borrowings! | The first and last hemistichs of this ghazal which are in Arabic are, as the story goes, supposed to have been borrowed by Hafez from the divan of Caliph Yazid who was responsible for the slaughter of Husayn on the plain of Karbala.
Although scholars have not yet ascertained if these are indeed Yazid\'s lines or not (he was, in fact, a poet of some merit), well, who are we to deprive you of a good story!
Enjoy the ghazal!
And don\'t forget, we\'ve seen this sort of borrowing before in another ghazal of Hafez ( phaf_ara.htm) where Hafez has borrowed a line from Sa`di.
This kind of poetic "borrowing" is known as "tazmin." Usually only the first hemistich is borrowed from a famous poet and the second hemistich is artfully replaced with a new twist.'; MySubs['scanning'] = 'Fun with Scansion | Here is a well-written article from Parnassus: Poetry in Review containing much useful information on Arabic and Persian poetry including some anecdotes (scroll half-way down page) relating to scanning the meter. '; MySubs['behistun'] = 'Trilingual (Babylonian, Old Persian, Elamite) Behistun Inscription of Darius|

If you think you\'re having a hard time learning modern Persian, please see Forgotten Scripts (page 41) and read about the brilliant yet thankless efforts of the young German high school teacher, Georg Friedrich Grotefend who was the first to decipher Old Persian in 1802 and see The Treasures of Time (pages 125-31) for Henry Creswicke Rawlinson\'s adventures hanging from ropes high up on the sheer precipace of Behistun (in the Zagros mountains, 22 miles east of Kermanshah). To find out what Darius\' inscription actually says, please go to this website .

'; MySubs['persep'] = 'Persepolis - Takht-e Jamshid - Parsa|

Ancient capital of the Achaemenians. 32 miles (51 km) northeast of Shiraz, near the confluence of the Pulvar (Rudkhane-ye Sivand) and Rud-e Kor rivers. Springtime residence of Darius I the Great (reigned 522-485 B.C.) who built Persepolis to replace Pasargadae. (Nearby Istakhr, later became the Sasanian capital.)

'; MySubs['apad'] = 'Apadana|

The great audience hall at Persepolis.

'; MySubs['spearmint'] = ' نَعْنا Spearmint |

'; MySubs['pennyroyal'] = 'پونِه Pennyroyal |

'; MySubs['sour cherry'] = 'آلْبالو Sour Cherry |These may look like regular cherries, however they\'re called sour for a reason!

'; MySubs['pleides'] = 'پَرْوين the Seven Sisters | Often confused with the Little Dipper, the Seven Sisters is also referred to by its not-so-romantic name, M45.
More info here.

'; MySubs['ganja'] = 'Ganja, Gandzha, Gjandza, Gyandzha |

This city on the Ganja River in Azerbaijan was called Yelizavetpol from 1804 to 1918 and Kirovabad from 1935 to 1989.

Here is a comprehensive website with tons of pictures of Ganja.

'; MySubs['aleppo'] = 'Halab - Aleppo, Syria |

'; MySubs['punica'] = 'گُلِ اَنار   Punica The Pomegranate Flower| One is reminded of the verse from Sa`di\'s Golistān:
And the branches--on them grew pomegranate-flowers
Like fire, suspended there, \'mid verdant bowers. Eastwick\'s translation, p. 103 '; MySubs['mashhad'] = 'Mashhad, Khorasān |

'; MySubs['baqela'] = '/bāqelā/ = Broad Bean = Fava Bean | '; MySubs['gralmonds'] = '/chaghāle-bādām/ = green almond |These are considered a fruit and can be eaten raw. '; MySubs['iranmap'] = 'Iran | '; MySubs['shiraz'] = 'Iran | '; MySubs['tombhaf'] = 'Tomb of Hafez (Hafezie), Shiraz |
There is a hereditary condition known as favism which affects only certain individuals, usually of Mediterranean descent whereby ingestion of raw or partially cooked Fava Beans induces a very severe allergic reaction.
'; MySubs['tombsad'] = 'Tomb of Sa`di, Shiraz |
'; MySubs['karbala'] = 'Karbala, Iraq |

'; MySubs['golp'] = 'Golpāyagān, Esfahān | '; MySubs['punica'] = 'گُلِ اَنار   Punica The Pomegranate Flower| One is reminded of the verse from Sa`di\'s Golistān:
And the branches--on them grew pomegranate-flowers
Like fire, suspended there, \'mid verdant bowers. Eastwick\'s translation, p. 103 '; MySubs['barberry'] = 'زِرِشْک    Barberry  berberis vulgaris|Besides culinary uses, a tincture made from these berries is used by herbalists to cure jaundice, biliousness, and several other maladies.

'; MySubs['cypress'] = 'سَرْو    /sarv/  Cypress|For the Persian poets,
the main claim to fame
of the Cypress is
its tall, straight
stature.

'; MySubs['chenar'] = 'Chenār - Oriental Plane tree
Platanus orientalis L. (Platanaceae)|These trees are famous for their rapid growth, enormous size, longevity and resistance to pollution.
As for the Persian poets, they thought the leaves of the chenār resembled human hands/opened palms with fingers outstretched.

'; MySubs['ash'] = 'دِرَخْتِ زَبان گُنْجَشْک    Ash Tree | We were lucky to find an Ash Tree Expert (please check out her website) who informs us that there are two main species of ash in Iran, of which this one, Fraxinus angustifolia is probably the one referred to in our story.'; MySubs['sparrow'] = 'دِرَخْتِ زَبان گُنْجَشْک    Ash
[Sparrow-tongue] Tree | Do these
Ash leaves
resemble sparrows\' tongues?
Hope they will at least help you remember the vocabulary word!!
'; MySubs['wild rue'] = 'اِسْپَنْد    Espand, Esfand, Wild Rue | Similar to uttering /Māshāllāh/ or /mā shā\'Allāh, lā hawl wa lā qowwa ellā bellāh al-`ali al-`azim/ - "[It is] what God wills, there is no power and no strength except through the great God on high" when giving or receiving a compliment, the seeds of this plant are burnt to ward off the jealous evil eye (chashm-e zakhm) on a happy occasion.
There is much written (see Donaldson among others) on the evil eye in Iran, a superstition known to Zoroastrians as well.

'; MySubs['donkey'] = 'حِمار خَر اُلاغ
Donkey Equus asinus| Donkeys have enormous ears!
An ungelded donkey is called a jackass or jack and a female is called a jennet.
And did you ever stop to think that khar-gush "rabbit" = donkey ears?! '; MySubs['mule'] = 'اَسْتَر    قاطِر   Mule | female horse + male donkey = mule.
male horse + female donkey = hinny (these are less common). Almost all mules are sterile and can\’t reproduce.'; MySubs['canary'] = 'قَناری    Canary|'; MySubs['goldfinch'] = 'سِهرَه    Goldfinch|'; MySubs['bolbol'] = 'بُلْبُل    "Nightingale"   |The Bolbol (aka `Andalib, Hazār, Morgh-e sahar) of Persian literature is conventionally translated as "nightingale" (Luscinia megarhynchos, pictured below) but may actually refer to several families and species of songbirds. They are migratory birds and return to Iran in the spring for mating. It is only during mating season that they sing their loud, complex and melodious song.
'; MySubs['hookah'] = 'قَلْيان    Hookah|The famous water pipe, also called the “hubble-bubble” or "nargileh"'; MySubs['vafur'] = 'وافور   Opium pipe.|Here is a picture of a very fancy opium pipe.
The rounded chamber sticking up from the pipe is called the حُقَّه   /hoqqe/. '; MySubs['barf'] = 'We\'ll shovel snow!|This cartoon is from Tawfiq, "the official organ of the Party of Asses"'; MySubs['jblab'] = 'jān bar lab!|"Gerāni mardom rā be lab karde ast"(E`temād)
Ehtemālan bāyad `āsheq bāshi ke jān be lab shode-i...to faqat esmash rā begu, vasālash bā man!
Dushize-ye arzāni!

"Inflation/high prices has driven folks to the edge."(quote from the newspaper E`temād)
You must be a lover that has been driven to the edge...just tell me her name and I\'ll take care of getting you together!
Miss Cheap Prices!
'; MySubs['khomhar'] = 'harekat kardan - to make a move|gozāresh-hā-ye zedd-o naqiz dar bāre-ye safar-e fardā-ye Emām Khomayni
Emām Khomayni: emshab harekat mikonam

Conflicting and contradictory reports concerning Imam Khomeini\'s trip tomorrow
Imam Khomeini: Tonight I\'ll make a move'; MySubs['sekanjabin'] = 'سِکَنْجَبين    Oxymel | Here is the recipe for "sekanjabin" or "oxymel".
And here\'s more recipes
and more including the medicinal value of this sweet and sour beverage. '; MySubs['otraq'] = 'اُتْراق کَرْدَن|Here is Jamalzade\'s definition of /otrāq kardan/.
Note he uses the older spelling variant. اُطْراق  .
Our translation:
/otrāq kardan/: at the time of travel, it is stopping off and staying longer than usual at any stop-off point. '; MySubs['roh'] = 'رُه|Here is the definition of /roh/ straight out of the Dehkhoda dictioary.
Our translation:
/roh/. ["reh" with zamme= /ro/ & "he" with sokun= /h/] Esm (Noun) Good behavior and abstinence and sanctity and cleanliness and purity. (As cited in the dictionary Nazem al-Atbā). Goodness (As cited in Sharafname-ye moniri)(As cited in the Borhān dictionary)
The character of austere and abstaining people. (As cited in the dectionary Nazem al-Atbā)(From Sharafname-ye moniri). It is the character of the austere and worshippers and abstainers. And /rohbān/ (monks) is a compound word from this and they are also called /rohbānān. (As cited in the Borhān dictionary). See the entry /rohbān/ '; MySubs['collyrium'] = 'kahl -- Collyrium|From the Oxford English Dictionary:
[L. collyrium < Greek: kollirion, poultice, eye-salve, diminutive of kollira "roll of coarse bread"]
..A topical remedy for disorders of the eyes. An eye-salve or eye-wash.
Any application for the eyes, as the kohl used by eastern women < alcohol < [Arabic: al-kohl, the fine powder used to stain the eyelids] Powdered ore of antimony, stibnite.
By extension to fluids of the idea of sublimation: an essence, quintessence, or spirit, obtained by distillation or rectification, as alcohol of wine, essence or spirit of wine.'; MySubs['gharbal'] = 'غَرْبال = غَرْبيل|Here is the definition of /gharbal/ from the Danesh Persian dictionary, one of the very few dictionaries with the harakat (short vowels) written on the words.
Note they don\'t mention the variant /gharbil/. It is Jamalzade\'s custom to throw in a word with all it\'s variant spellings and dialectical forms wherever he can.
Our translation:
/gharbāl/: Esm-e ālat (Noun of instrument) Tool with which one
sieves (bikhtan) things. = /garbāl/ = (/parvizan/)
/gharbāl-band/: Sefat-e shoghli (adjective of occupation) Someone who repairs sieves. `Alāmat-e kenāye (figuratively) Group of gypsies [house-on-shoulder], gypsy. '; MySubs['hava'] = 'هَوا|Here is the definition of /hava/ from the Steingass dictionary, perhaps the most oft-consulted dictionary, even though it is classical Persian and based on the sub-continental dialect. '; MySubs['marhale'] = 'مَرْحَلَه|Here is the entry for /marhale/ from the Anandraj dictionary of 1889 named after a raja of South India, Anand Gajapati Raj.
Our translation:
/marhala/ - with fatha on the first and third and fourth [consonants]. Arabic. Place of stopping off on a journey or camp or destination and with meaning of place of baggage or luggage derived from /rahl/ with a fatha which is with the meaning pack-saddle of a camel and luggage and horses and with the meaning of putting a pack-saddle on a camel and decamping and decamping from Montakhab and Kanz and with the meaning of the amount of traveling 4 farsangs and a kind of building which they build around fortresses and on which one sits and does [acts of] war. And a female camel upon which a pack-saddle is placed and those upon which the pack-saddle has been placed. (As cited in Afragh). '; MySubs['saqq'] = 'سَقِّ کَسی را با چيزی بَرْداشْتَن|Here is the definition of /saqq-e kasi rā bā chizi bar-dāshtan/ from Najafi\'s dictionary of colloquial Persian.
Our translation:
/saqq-e kasi rā bā / az chizi bar-dāshtan/
Figuratively for using (in doing something) immeasurable excess or carrying on with something in an excessive way:
"be qadri asir-e ketāb-o daftar-o `āsheq-e delkhaste-ye qalam-o davāt shode ke ... gui saqqash rā bā qalam-o davāt bar-dāshte-and."(Talkh-o shirin(that\'s the collection our story is from!), 21)
"zani-ke rā mesl-e inke saqqas rā az koloft-gui var-dāshte-and."(woman who uses rough-speech excessively)(Shekar-e talkh, [by Ja`far Shahri] 405)
"aslan saqq-e man rā bā dehāt bardāshte-and.(I\'m synonomous with villages)"(nefrin-e zamin,[by Jalal Al-e Ahmad] 14) '; MySubs['hunt'] = 'Hunting mating animals|In order to understand this story, you have to know that it was the practice for hunters to shoot animals which were in the act of copulation...'; MySubs['doa'] = '/do`ā/ - prayer| /do`ā/ which literally means "calling" is distinguished from /salāt/ and /namāz/ by being more of a personal, non-obligatory and less formal sort of prayer. It is closer to /monājāt/ or "supplications", that is, humbling the self and seeking God\'s help.
In some Sufi rituals, however, /do`ā/ recitation actually became quite complex and formulaic.
In fact, in practice, /do`ā/ has come to mean many different forms of prayer, sometimes equivalent to /zekr/ "remembering" God by meditating/chanting special formulas.
There are even elaborate folk traditions called /do`ā nevisi/ which refer to writing certain verses down in a ritualistic manner and making magical amulets in order to invoke good or ward off evil .'; MySubs['ghariqa'] = 'gharqan | This is taken from Lane\'s Arabic-English Lexicon.
(Under 4th form of "qhariqa")
'; MySubs['ali'] = 'One translation... | This is taken from Ahmed Ali\'s translation.
'; MySubs['asad'] = 'And another version | This is taken from Muhammad Asad\'s translation and even has a few notes.
'; MySubs['namad'] = 'نمد - namad - felt|Here is a snippet from Persia and the Persians (page 277) by S. G. W. Benjamin who was appointed to Tehran as the first American minister to Persia by President Arthur in 1882 following the establishment of diplomatic relations between the United States and Persia.

...I may add, that it is common for wealthy Persians to order carpets made in one piece to fit even their largest apartments. I have seen a namād, or felt carpet, eighty feet long and fifty feet wide, without a seam. The name of the maker is woven into it, --as the painter puts his name on his painting. The great weight and bulk of these felt carpets forbid their exportation. Indeed, the chief item of expense connected with them is the cost of transportation from Yezd and Ispahān, where they are made, to the residence of the purchaser. But nothing in the way of a carpet can be so luxurious and suggestive of comfort as a Persian namād an inch thick.'; MySubs['maqame'] = 'maqāme genre |"...The institution of the weekly address (khutba) by the Khalifa, led no doubt to careful preparation and thus paved the way for pulpit oratory which found its loftiest expression in rhymed prose. It is not, however, until the beginning of the third century of the Hijra that it reappears in the khutba and becomes the conventional style of the professional preacher....
...Although the maqāmāt were composed chiefly for assemblies of the learned and for the entertainment of the great, the word maqāma is applied by Hamadhāni himself to the species of compositon first associated with his name...
...In the first century of Islam there were scarcely any books and knowledge was handed down orally....Those who wished to study Arabic philosophy, poetry, legend and the idiom of the desert were obliged to pursue their researches and investigations among the Bedawin tribes.
Travel in search of knowledge thus rendered necessary at first by circumstnce became the fashion not only for the acquisition of knowledge, but also for the dissemination and display thereof. It thus led to the evolution of the vagabond scholar, a kind of knight-errant of literature and the prototype of the medieval wandering man of learning....
The conception was an advance to the dramatic style which, on account of the religious objection to the portrayal or realistic representation of life or the human form, had hitherto been wanting in Arabic literature.
...The triple aim of Hamadhāni appears to have been to amuse, to interest and to instruct and this explains why, in spite of the inherent difficulty of a work of this kind composed primarily with a view to rhetorical effect upon the learned and the great, there is scarcely a dull chapter in the fifty-one maqāmāt. There is little evidence that the story or the adventure is subordinated to the style.
When the author essayed, in the course of these dramatic discourses, to illustrate the life and language both of the denizens of the desert and of the dwellers in towns, to give examples of the jargon and slang of thieves and robbers as well as of the lucubrations of the learned and the conversations of the cultured, and to show the use of strange and obsolete words and phrases such as found in the proverbs, probably the oldest forms of the Arabic language and the earliest utterances of the Arabian people, difficult and obscure passages were inevitable. ... the author asserts that one of his objects was to capture these rare words and strange sayings. In fact the collection of nawādir, or recondite expressions, was a favourite pursuit.
...In pleasing contrast, however, to the numerous obscurities, intentional and otherwise, the hypocritical and dishonest Qādi, the Bedawin robber, the simple rustic, the eloquent and fearless preacher, the garrulous trader the miserly merchant, and the loquacious barber with his amazing malapropisms containing cleverly concealed allusions, are portrayed with all the graphic skill of a master of the art of description.
...The commentator in referring to the author\'s descriptive power says: He combines the accuracy of the idiom of the dwellers of the desert with the refinement and taste of the people of the towns, so that the reader imagines himself to be now among the hair tents of a Bedawin encampment and anon amidst the stately buildings of a city.
...The question, as to whether the maqāmāt are impromptu compositions, as they were represented to be, may be disposed of by a consideration of the maqāmāt themselves. They bear evident trace of scholarly preparation and literary finish, and I think the author himself, unconsciously, furnishes the explanation:...I wrote elegantly by virtue of much reading. I passed on from reading to investigation and from investigation to compositon....In the matter of the lavish display of eruditon, intentional obscurities, and the use of words of doubtful meaning, the Maqāmāat may be compared with the Cassandra, or Alexandra of Lycophron (285-247 B.C.)."

This is from the Introduction of The Maqāmāt of Badi` al-Zamān al-Hamadhāni (pages 10-22) by W. J. Prendergast who was Director of Oriental Languages, Nizam College, Hyderabad, India.
'; MySubs['tabarzin'] = 'تَبَر - tabar - battle axe|Here is a snippet from A Year amongst the Persians (pages 56-57) by Edward Granville Browne, the beloved and highly esteemed orientalist who traveled to Iran in 1887-1888.

...While the baggage was being unloaded, I perceived that we were undergoing an attentive scrutiny on the part of a magnificent-looking dervish, who wore on his head a green turban, of which one end depended over his shoulder, and carried in his hand a shining battle-axe...
...He at once launched out into a disquisition on things pertaining to his order. The true `ārif or adept, he informed us, was distinguished by four external signs: the tabar, or axe, which serves to protect him during his wanderings in the desert from ferocious beasts, the keshkul, or gourd slung on chains, in which he receives alms, the tāj, or felt cap embroidered with texts which crowns his head, and the gisu, or long locks, which fall over his shoulders. He then showed me some pills, compounded, as he assured me, after a prescription of the sage Lokmān, of a substance called barsh, and known by the name of habb-i nishāt, or "pills of gladness." One of these he offered me to eat, assuring me that it would not fail to produce a most delightful sense of exhilaration and ecstasy, but, although I complied wih his invitation, I failed to observe any such effect.'; MySubs['khmosalla'] = 'Chronogram on the Tomb of Hafez| From A Year amongst the Persians (pages 306-7) by Edward Granville Browne who traveled to Iran in 1887-1888.

...The tomb of Hāfiz occupies the centre of an enclosed garden beautifully planted with cypresses and orange-trees. It is marked by a simple oblong block of stone, engraved with inscriptions consisting for the most part of quotations from the poets\'s works. At the top is the following sentence in Arabic:
Huwa\'l-bāqi wa kullu she\'in hālik
He (i.e. God) is the Enduring, and all else passeth away.
Beneath this is the ode beginning:
Muzhde-i-wasl-i-tu ku? K\'az sar-i-jān bar khizam
Tā\'ir-i-quds-am, va az dām-i-jihān bar khizam.
Where is the good tidings of union with Thee? for I will rise up with my whole heart
I am a bird of Paradise, and I will soar upwards from the snare of the world.
Round the edge of the stone is inscribed the ode beginning:
Ey dil, ghulām-i-shāh-i-jihān bāsh, u shāh bāsh!
Peyvaste dar himāyat-i-lutf-i-Ilāh bāsh!
O heart, be the slave of the King of the World, and be a king!
Abide continually under the protection of God\'s favour!
Written diagonally across the two triangular spaces formed by the upper corners of the tombstone is the couplet:
Bar sar-i-turbat-i-mā chun guzari himmat khwāh,
Ki ziyārat-gah-i-rindān-i-jihān khwāhad shud.
When thou passest by the head of our tomb, invoke a blessing,
For it will be the place of pilgrimage of (all) the libertines of the world.
The corresponding spaces at the lower end of the tablet bear the well-known lines composed to commemorate the date of the poet\'s death:
Chirāgh-i-ahl-i-ma`nā Khāje Hāfiz
[Ki sham`i bud az nur-i-tajalli,
Chu dar khāk-i-Musallā sākht manzil]
Bi-ju tārikh-ash az "Khāk-i- Musallā
That Lamp of the mystics, Master Hāfiz,
[Who was a candle of light from the Divine Effulgence,
Since he made his abode in the Earth of Musallā]
Seek his date from "the Earth of Musallā"
(Only the first and last of these four lines are given on the tombstone, the intermediate ones having probably been omitted from lack of space. Each letter of the Arabic alphabet has a numerical value, these values ranging through the units, tens, and hundreds to one thousand, and the words "Khāk-i Musallā" "Earth of Musallā" are numerically equivalent to [A.H.] 791 = A.D. 1389.)'; MySubs['brsadi'] = 'E.G. Browne\'s Visit to Tomb of Sa`di|Here is a snippet from A Year amongst the Persians (pages 307-8) by Edward Granville Browne, the beloved and highly esteemed orientalist who traveled to Iran in 1887-1888.

...More remote from the city, and marked by a much humbler edifice, lies the grave of Sa`di. Popular--and deservedly popular--as his Gulistān and Bustān are, alike for the purity of style, richness of diction, variety of matter, and sententious wisdom which characterise them, in Persia itself his Divān is problably more widely read and more highly esteemed. Indeed it may be questioned whether in his own country his odes are not as much admired, as ardently studied, and as often quoted as those of Hāfiz. But over his memory lies a shadow sufficient to account for the fact that few, if any, of his countrymen have cared to share his last resting-place, and that his grave stands alone in the little enclosure. Sa`di, it is generally believed, was a Sunni, and whether it be true, as some of his admirers assert, that in professing this form of belief he merely practised the concealment of his real convictions (ketmān) authorised by Shi`ite ethics whenever considerations of personal safety appear to require it, the suspicion that he was really an adherent of this sect, so odious to every Shi`ite Persian, was sufficiently strong to impel a fanatical mujtahid of Shirāz to destroy the tombstone originally erected over the poet\'s grave. The present stone was set up at the expense, and by the orders, of the Qiwām--the father of the Sāhib-Divān. It bears the same Arabic inscription, testifying to the transitoriness of all things but God, as that which is engraved on the tomb of Hāfiz. Below this are engraved the opening lines of that canto of the Busān written in praise of the Prophet.'; MySubs['chron'] = 'Chronograms|The Assassin mountain fortress of Alamut [eagles\'s teaching from /ahluh/ "eagle" (Pahlavi) + /āmut/ (dialectical form of /āmukht/, though traditionally thought to mean "eagle\'s nest")
1 + 30 + 5 + 1 + 40 + 6 + 400 = 483 A.H. = 1090 or 1091 = the date of its capture by Hasan-i Sabbāh Browne (vol. 2, page 203-4).
'; MySubs['brman'] = 'Silly Hāfez Anecdote|Here is a snippet from A Year amongst the Persians (pages 307-8) by Edward Granville Browne, the beloved and highly esteemed orientalist who traveled to Iran in 1887-1888.

...Amongst other things, he told me a rather clever variation of the well-known, though probably ficitious, anecdote concerning the interview between the poet Hāfiz and Timur-i-Lang, the Tartar conqueror, better known as Tamerlane, who, as the story runs, angrily demanded of Hāfiz how he had dared, in one of his poems, to say that he would give Samarkand and Bukhārā for the black mole on his beloved\'s cheek. According to the usual version of the tale, Hāfiz replied, "Yes, sire, and it is by such acts of generosity that I have been reduced to the poverty in which you see me", whereupon Timur laughed, and ordered a sum of money to be given him. According to my companion\'s account, however, the poet effected his deliverance by an ingenious emendation in the obnoxious line. "Bakhsham Samarkand u Bukhārā-rā!" (I would give Samarkand and Bukhārā) he exclaimed, "those are not my words! What I wrote was, "bakhsam si man kand u du khurmā-rā" (I would give three stone of sugar and a couple of dates"), and some ignorant scribe has altered it into this!".'; MySubs['brjami'] = 'Date of Jāmi\'s Death Chronogram|This is from A Year amongst the Persians (pages 307-8) by Edward Granville Browne, the beloved and highly esteemed orientalist who traveled to Iran in 1887-1888.

......the rather ingenious chronogram for the death of the poet Jāmi, premising that he was a native of the province of Khurāsān, that "smoke" or "smoke of the heart" is a poetical term for sighs, and that to "come up from" in the case of a number means to be subtracted from. This, then, is the chronogram:
Dud az Khurāsān bar āmad" "Smoke (sighs) arise from Khurāsān" or dud (dāl=4, vāv=6,dāl=4, total 14) came up (i.e. was subtracted) from Khurāsān (khā=600, rā=200, alef=1, sin=60, alif=1, nun=50, total=912). Taking 14 from 912 we get the date of Jāmi\'s death, A.H. 898 = A.D. 1492..'; MySubs['semitic'] = 'Semitic Words in Persian| Folks like to divide up the vocabulary of Persian into 2 groups: Arabic or "pure" Iranian. Too bad it\'s not so simple! Even the greats like Sir William Jones fell prey to this misconception: When Abraham-Hyacinthe Anquetil duPerron published the first Western edition of the Avesta (Zoroastrian scriptures) in 1771 (which he obtained after many harrowing adventures in India), the legitimacy and antiquity of this text was questioned by many including Jones because it contained "Arabic" words which they didn\'t realize were in fact ancient Semitic words. Here are a few:
malka - king
shanat - year
ab - father
shamsa - sun
la - not
magar - not if

The term Huzvaresh or Zavarishn refers to the Aramaic elements in written Pahlavi: a word would be WRITTEN as in the original Aramaic but READ in Persian.
You can get the details from Browne Vol. 1, chapter 2.'; MySubs['yazid'] = 'Yazid|Yazid ibn Mu`āwiyah ibn abi Sufyan (c. 645-683 A.D.)
He was the 2nd Umayyad caliph and responsible for the death of Husayn at Karbala in 680. Although he is public enemy #1 for the Shiites, he actually did accomplish some administrative reforms during his reign and bettered the lives of many. He also was a poet and Hafez has scandalously borrowed (or so the story goes--whether true or not is still under debate) one of Yazid\'s lines and stuck it right into the first verse of his own divan!
Here is one version of the verse from Browne ( volume 1, pages 225-6)

Ana\'l-masmumu ma `indi bi-tiryāqin wa lā rāqi
Adir ka\'san wa nādwil-hā, alāyā ayyuha\'s-sāqi

I, drugged with poison, have neither antidote nor guarding charm
Pass the cup and give it me to drink, O cupbearer!
You can read another version and the entire ghazal here'; MySubs['mahsati'] = 'Mahsati-ye Ganjavi| There is a note in the preface to Fritz Meier\'s Die Schone Mahsati I which says:
"...Etliche Vierzeiler, deren Verstandnis mir unsicher shien, durfte ich Herrn M.A. Jamālzāda in Genf vorlegen. Allen Genannten spreche ich meinen warmsten Dank aus...."

Our translation:
"...I was able to put some robāi\'s (quatrains) of which I was unsure of the meaning up for clarification before M.A. Jamālzāde of Geneva. I express my warmest thanks to all these named people...." '; MySubs['arajeb'] = 'Arajeb - a typical Shemirani villa in 1884|Here is another snippet from Persia and the Persians (page 121).
...I refer to Arajeb, --the place occupied by the United States Legation during the summer of 1884. This was of course in point of costliness not to be compared with the villas just described. Its decorations were far simpler, and the grounds less extensive and ornate, but the attractions of location were scarcely inferior, and it offered a very fair example of the average country villa of a Persian gentleman. The dwelling was situated on the side of a steep slope, near the centre of a demesne comprising nearly sixty acres, filled with shade and fruit trees, on the broken sides of a steep hill at the entrance to a wild gorge of the Shimrān. Through this gorge rushed a mountain stream crossed by rude wooden bridges....Passing through the village of Jeferabād by steep and narrow roads, the rider approaching Arajeb came to a little hollow, where the road widened and showed a lofty gate and green espaliers, through which was seen the orchard of the Legation. From the gate one passed up a serpentine avenue of stately chenārs, until a turn of the road revealed the terraces round which the dwelling was built. Ascending to the first terrace, one saw a paved esplanade 300 feet in length, decorated with parterres of flowers, a stream coursed through the centre...The central building, while exceedingly simple in its construction, was so proportioned as to produce a stately effect. Its commanding position, looking as it did over the terrace and the grounds beloow and the plains of Teherān beyond, and flanked by lofty groups of poplars and chenārs, made it seem by moonlight like a temple in Arcadia.'; MySubs['final he'] = 'Final "he", pronounced and unpronouced
هة غَير مَلْفوظ و هة مَلْفوظ | You probably already know about words ending in the "he" ( ﻪ) known as the هة مُخْتَفی or هة غَير مَلْفوظ :
the "he" is merely a spelling convention to allow for a final short vowel sound and the "he" is not actually pronounced.
Some of these are Arabic feminines like /daraje/ "degree" and some are old Persian words like: /khāne/ (Pahlavi form: /khānag/ "house".
What you may not have thought about is that there are plenty of words (usually NOT from the 2 categories above named) which have a final "he" which IS (well, at least in slow, careful speech) pronounced.
For example, کوه،دَه، راه،رَه شاه، شَه
You need to know the difference when one of these words is joined in /ezāfe/ with the following word:
خانَة مَن "my house" where the /ezāfe/ is marked with what looks like a small hamze above, (sometimes seen instead with the hamze NEXT to the "he" خانَهء مَن )
but in the case of the "he" which IS pronounced, راهِ مَن "my road" the ezāfe is written just as the vowel "kasre". '; MySubs['n to m'] = '/n/ pronounced as /m/| /n/ followed by /p/, /b/, or /f/ is pronounced /m/.'; MySubs['gān gi'] = 'unpronounced "he" + ān and i |When you put the plural ending /ān/ on words ending with the هة غَير مَلْفوظ "the unpronounced "he"," the /h/ changes to /g/
(There seems however, to be an older variation of this rule where the "he" is not dropped: مُرْدَه‌گان "the dead").
Also exceptions: /mozhe/ - /mozhgān/ "eyelashes
/sāl/ - /sāliān/ "years".
The same rule applies when making an abstract noun (the kind usually ending /i/ from an adjective ending in the the unpronounced "he" '; MySubs['g'] = 'گ | If you can read the abestāg (Avesta) which is written in an older form of pārsig, you will know about the ending /g/ which has disappeared in most forms of the modern language but does resurface when certain suffixes are added. For example: frestag angel, gurbag cat, hamāg all, stārag star, goshāg corner, nāmag book, letter, nog new, bandag servant. '; MySubs['ān'] = '/ā/ or /u/ + ān |In words ending with ā or u, it is necessary to insert either /y/ or a hamze (that\'s right, hamze is not just something found only in Arabic words to be disregarded--Persian actually INSERTS them!) before the ān: رويان or روئان "faces".
But beware of lots of exceptions: /bāzu/ - /bāzovān/ "[upper] arms, /āqā/ - /āqāyan/ "gentlemen"
And don\'t confuse "diphthongs" with these cases--they will break up into their component elements: /pishraw/ - /pishrovān/ "forerunners"'; MySubs['beh'] = ' بِه / بَه |The general word for "good" is "khob", not "beh" as you might think.(Although you can still find it in names like "Ruzbeh" (good days, good fortune). There is, however /bah/ meaning "good! [job] or "bravo!"
Whatever you do, don\'t confuse either of these for /beh/ which is the name of this fruit which we call "quince" in English.
The image is taken from this work'; MySubs['haqqā'] = 'حَقا / حَقاً haqqā and haqqan|haqqā: oh Wonder!, oh God!
haqqan: really
Unfortunately, since the "tanvin" is often left off, it\'s not always clear which one is meant and so it\'s up to the reader to decide from the context.
By the way, the Sufi, Mansur al-Hallaj was put to death in 922 in Baghdad for having uttered ana al-haqq, "I am God" when he became so intoxicated by the Presence that his identity merged with the divine reality.'; MySubs['an plural'] = ' plurals in /-ān/| /-ān/ is the older Persian plural suffix. (Actually, it was a remnant of the genitive plural case ending -ānām in Old Iranian.)
/-ān/ is now generally replaced by /-hā/ and is mostly only used for animate beings but in poetry you\'ll find it in /setāregān/ "stars" /derakhtān/ "trees", /sokhanān/ "words", "matters", etc and especially for body parts coming in pairs like /labān/ "lips".
Watch out for the /i/ that is added when the noun ends in /-ā/ (and sometimes with /-u/):
/dānesh-ju-i-ān/
/-hā/ itself is derived from an earlier form /-ihā/ which was actually a marker of collective classes or abstractions (sometimes functioning adverbially) which is just like English where
"the wheel was invented...." = "wheels were invented..."

"Winters, it gets cold around here." = "In winter/wintertime, it gets cold around here."'; MySubs['adv plural'] = ' adverbial plurals |You already know that adjectives do double duty as adverbs in Persian.
For example,
/tāze/ = "fresh" and "freshly"
/tang/ = "narrow" or "tight" and "tightly"
/khob/ and /nik/ = "good" and "well"

Sometimes the plural suffixes /-hā/ and /-ān/ give substantives an adverbial sense:
/nazdik-hā-ye zohr/ "around about noon"
/nā-gah-ān/ "un-times", "suddenly"
/tan-hā/ "alone"
/zemestān-hā/ "winters, in the winter"
The suffix /-ihā/ in Middle Persian was used as a marker of collective classes or abstractions which sometimes function as an adverbial suffix and only later was it used for the formation of plurals.
And don\'t be surprised when you see words ending in /ye/ as well which have a plural or adverbial sense:
/gāhi/ - sometimes.
Same things happen in English:
"Winters, it gets cold around here." = "In winter/wintertime, it gets cold around here."
"A man needs his whiskey" '; MySubs['aplur'] = ' Arabic Plurals|
You already know about the several types of Arabic suffixes seen on Arabic plurals:
/-in/ mainly in Arabic participles:
/mosāfer/ - /mosāfer-in/ "travelers"
/-un/ in the case of words ending in /-i/:
/ruhāni-un/ "clerics"
/-āt/,the Arabic feminine plural:
/daraje/ - /darajāt/ "degrees"
which is also seen on nouns of action:
/entekhāb/ - /entekhābāt/ "elections"
collectives:
/mokhallafāt/ - paraphernalia
others:
/hayvān/ - /hayvānāt/ "animals"
But some Persian words have also seen no reason why they shouldn\'t also occasionally try out the Arabic plurals:
/ostāz/ - /asātez/ "masters"
/rend/ - /ronud/ "rascals"
/farmāyeshāt/ "orders"
/dehāt/ "villages"
/shemirānāt/ "Shemiran"
/bāghāt "gardens"
/ilāt/ "tribes"
This includes even Arabic words which normally don\'t take /-āt/ when used in Arabic:
/vāredāt/ "exports"
/robāiyāt/ - "quatrains"
But remember, some words ending in what looks like the Arabic feminine suffix /-e/ (classical /-a/) are Persian words which used to end in /-g/ or /-k/ in older forms of the language and if you add plural /-āt/, the /-g/ or /-k/ resurfaces as /-j-/:
Middle Persian:
/mewag/ - modern: /mive/ - /mive-j-āt/ "fruits"
But that in turn has caused Arabic words to want the /j/ for themselves:
/qel`e/ - /qel`ejāt/ "fortresses"
/`amale/ - /`amalejāt/ - "workers"
/davā/ - /davājāt/ "medicines"
/sabzijāt/ - "vegetables".
'; MySubs['subjunc'] = 'when to use subjunctive| .'; MySubs['shodan'] = 'shodan|/shodan/, besides meaning "to become", also has various other meanings:
"to come into being"
"to be equal to"
"to add up to"
"to transfer"
"to pass"
"to go" .'; MySubs['ra'] = '-rā and -ba-rā-ye|The suffix /-rā/ is best known as being the marker of a direct object but it has other uses as well:
For example, /u-rā pesar hast/ - "he has a son"
and
/shab rā/ - "at night"
and /irān rā.../ - "as for the topic of Iran...."
Hindi speakers will be happy to see they can simply change the Persian /-rā/ to Hindi /-ko/ and find an exact correspondence.

/-rā/ is derived from Old Persian /rādiy/ "for the sake of", "on account of".
Russian speakers won\'t find this surprising at all:
Russian: /rady tebya ya gotov na vsyo/
English: "for your sake, I\'m ready for anything" .'; MySubs['aux'] = 'To Do |There are a number of verbs which for a variety of reasons replace /kardan/ and so lose their primary meaning and can be translated as "to do, to make, or to X, where X is a noun.
Some of these have become fixed compound verbs, others used at the discretion of the speaker/writer. Among these are: /sākhtan/, /farmudan/, /nemudan/, /zadan/, /dāshtan/.
Likewise, there are other verbs which lose their primary meaning and can be translated as a sort of passive: "to have had done to", "to suffer". For example, /khordan/, /didan/.'; MySubs['diphthongs'] = ' Diphthongs| There are two "diphthongs" in Persian:
/ay/ and /aw/
However, they are very unstable and break up into their component elements once a suffix is added. '; MySubs['madde'] = 'madde |The diacritic mark madde (sometimes called a kolāh or hat in Persian) is most often seen on a word-initial alef to mark a long /ā/.
It is also used in the middle of a word in the situation where you have a hamze or glottal stop followed by a long /ā/.
(Whether at the beginning of a word or in the middle, it\'s the same thing: pause + /ā/.)
Of course, that doesn\'t mean they always bother to put it so that\'s why you see /al\'ān/ "now" with 2 spellings:
الآن
الان '; MySubs['magar'] = 'magar, cherā, āyā, magar na |/magar/ signals a rhetorical question:
/magar/ + positive verb = expected "no"
/magar/ + negative verb = expected "yes"

Don\'t confuse this with /cherā/ "but yes!" (in response to a negative question, like "si" in French):
/-na-didi?/
/-cherā, didam!/
(/bale/ "yes" is incorrect here.)

/āyā/ signals a "yes/no question" and can be translated "is it the case that...?"

/magar na/ = "right", "n\'est-ce pas"'; MySubs['hast'] = 'hast vs. ast |The rule of thumb is that /hast/ can be translated as "exists" while /-ast/ can be translated with "=".
However, /-ast/ being one of the suffixes which can\'t take stress sometimes gets replaced by /hast/ when the speaker wants to emphasize it or just draw out the word a little.
/hast/ is also substituted for /-ast/ for euphonic reasons when too many vowels run into eachother:
/u irāni-ast/ = /u irāni-st/ = /u irāni hast/'; MySubs['dim'] = 'diminutives |/-ak/ is a diminutive suffix, sometimes with negative "petty" connotations.
Sometimes the addition of /-ak/ completely changes the meaning making something of animate/human origin into a "thing":
/surat-ak/ "mask"

/-che/ is only used for inanimates:
/bāzār-che/ "little market"'; MySubs['vowels'] = 'short vowels - Arabic and Persian names|/a/ = fathe or zabar
/e/ = kasre or zir
/o/ = zamme or pish'; MySubs['dalef'] = 'the Dagger Alef | We are unable to mark the "dagger alef" with the font we are using so please look at these scanned images instead.
The "dagger alef" is pronounced just like a normal alef /ā/ only it is written sort of like an upright "fathe".'; MySubs['ordinals'] = 'Arabic Ordinals | اَوَّلاً /avvalan/ 1st
ثانياً /sānian/ 2nd
ثالثاً /sālesan/ 3rd
رابِعاً /rābean/ 4th '; MySubs['pnick'] = 'Nicknames & Titles of Poets| Each poet goes by many names. For example:

Hāfez = khājā = Mohammad Shams al-Din Hāfez (1325/26-1389/90 C.E.)

Sa`adi = Sheikh = Musharrif al-din Muslih al-Din (c. 1213 - Dec. 9, 1291 C.E.)

Mawlānā = Khāmush = Mevlana (Turkey) = al-Balkhi (Afghanistan) = Rumi (the "West") = Jalāl al-Din Maulānā Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Husayn al-Balkhi al-Rumi (1207-1273 C.E.)

Hakim = Sanā\'i = Abu al-Majd Majdud ibn Adam (died 1131? C.E.)

Sometimes the poets also manage to fit the numerical (abjad) equivalent of the letters of their name into the poem as an anagram.'; MySubs['vowels'] = 'short vowels - Arabic and Persian names|/a/ = fathe or zabar
/e/ = kasre or zir
/o/ = zamme or pish'; MySubs['drop ezafe'] = 'ezāfe dropped |In fast speech or when the elements of an ezāfe construction over time become one unit, the /-e/ of the ezāfe is dropped(sometimes having a different meaning than with ezāfe):
janāb-e `āli - janāb-`āli
chādor-e shab - chādor shab
chādor-e namāz - chādor-namāz
āb-ru "water(luster) of face
āb-ru "honor", "prestige"'; MySubs['buk'] = 'anomolous forms of /budan/ |These forms are mainly seen in poetry
بُوَد   /bovad/ - let him be, it will be, it may be, it is
بو   /bu/ = بُوَد   (Don\'t confuse this /bu/ with "scent")
بوک   /buk/ = بو کِه  /bu ke/ it may be
باد   /bād/ may he,she,it be (Don\'t confuse with "wind")
بُد    /bud/(still pronounced this way when reading poetry, don\'t confuse with /bad/ "bad") = بود    /bud/ he, she, it was'; MySubs['qadh'] = 'criticism in guise of praise| This may be less about King Jamshid and more about the present king, but of course, Hafez would not want to make any complaints too directly.

This can be called an example of
قَدْح شَبيه بِه مَدْح
/qadh shabih be madh/
"criticism in the guise of praise".'; MySubs['takhallos'] = 'takhallos| A poet usually inserts his pen name, his takhallos in the last verse of a ghazal but it doesn\'t have to be in that position and in fact, sometimes there is no takhallos at all.
It has been seen with authors such as Hafez and Khaqani that any lines coming after the one with the takhallos generally involve praise of the poet or the patron, as if to signal to the reader to disregard them!
Another reason for the occurance of more lines after the takhallos is that they may have been "discovered" later and just dumped on the end. '; MySubs['elocution'] = ' elocution|According to the Oxford English Dictionary...

1. a. Oratorical or literary expression of thought; literary \'style\' as distinguished from \'matter\'; the power or art of appropriate and effective expression. Obsolete
4. The art of public speaking so far as it regards delivery, pronunciation, tones, and gestures; manner or style of oral delivery. '; MySubs['noun pred'] = ' nouns as predicate|1 - (unmodified so no "indefinite"):
/u javān bud/ "He was a youth"

2 - (modified so needs "indefinite")
literary style-
/u javān-i bud moaddab/
non-literary style-
/u bud javāni moaddab/ (note: the "indefinite" MAY NOT take the ezāfe) "he was a polite youth"

But watch out in the plural:
3 - (unmodified so "indefinite" singular):
/ānhā javān budand/
4 - (modified so needs "indefinite" plural):
/ānhā javānhā-ye moaddab-i budand/ "they were polite youths. '; MySubs['musk'] = ' musk|According to the Oxford English Dictionary...

1. a. An odoriferous, reddish-brown substance, secreted in a gland or sac by the male musk-deer. It has a very powerful and enduring odour, and is used as the basis of many perfumes, and in medicine as a stimulant and antispasmodic. Also applied occas. to substances of similar odour secreted by certain other animals. '; MySubs['ambergris'] = ' ambergris| Fr. ambre gris, gray amber, as sometimes transl. To this substance the name AMBER originally belonged; after its extension to the resin, ambre jaune or succin, the amber proper was distinguished as ambre gris, which has become in Eng. its regular name. The spelling variants are due to attempts to explain gris, as grease, Greece (usual in 17th c.), etc.]
A wax-like substance of marbled ashy colour, found floating in tropical seas, and as a morbid secretion in the intestines of the sperm-whale. It is odoriferous and used in perfumery; formerly in cookery.'; MySubs['beryl'] = ' beryl|According to the Oxford English Dictionary...

OF. beryl, beril:L. bryllus, a. Gr. , prob. a foreign word; identified by Weber with Sanskrit. vaidrya. Cf. also Arab. and Pers. ballr crystal. In med.L. berillus was applied also to crystal, and to an eyeglass or spectacles, whence MHG. berille, mod.G. brille spectacles.

A transparent precious stone of a pale-green colour passing into light-blue, yellow, and white; distinguished only by colour from the more precious emerald. When of pale bluish green it is called an aquamarine; its yellow or yellowish varieties are the chrysoberyl, and, perhaps, the chrysoprase, and chrysolite of the ancients .'; MySubs['daftar'] = ' Diphtheria / Diphtheritis| According to the Oxford English Dictionary...

mod. f. Gr. DIFTHERA or DIFTHERIS skin, hide, piece of leather + -ITIS, the disease being so named on account of the tough membrane developed upon the parts affected

An acute and highly infectious disease, characterized by inflammation of a mucous surface, and by an exudation there from which results in the formation of a firm pellicle or false membrane. Its chief seat is the mucous membrane of the throat and air passages, but other mucous surfaces are at times attacked, as are also wounds or abrasions of the skin .'; MySubs['chin'] = ' چین   - twist, curl, bend, China| /chin/ often means ringlet or curl of the beloved\'s locks of hair. It can also mean a fold where something secret can be kept. Here\'s a clever تجنیس   (tajnis) or pun from the Hālname of `Arifi of Herat (d. 1449):
در زلفِ هزار چین نهان داشت
در هر چینی هزار جان داشت
dar zolf-e hezār chin nehān dāsht
dar har chini hezār jān dāsht
In every lock were hidden a thousand Chinas, in every curl a thousand souls were held.

Taken from The Ball and the Polo Stick by W.M. Thackston, Jr and Hossein Ziai.'; MySubs['white'] = ' White hand of Moses|Refer to Exodus 4:6 :
God tells Moses to put his hand in his robe. When he pulls it out again, it is "white with leprosy". When commanded to put it back in again and then take it back out, it is again restored to normal.
And in the Qor\'an, 20: 22-23:
"Now draw thy hand close to thy side. It shall come forth white...as another Sign"'; MySubs['cave'] = 'The Legend of the 7 Sleepers
Qur\'an Chapter 18: The Cave
Cave of Thawr|In the Christian version (taken from Greek sources), 7 Christians of Ephesus fleeing persecution under Roman emperor Decius hid in a cave and there fell asleep for a few hundred years until it was safe to come out.

In Islam, this refers to Sura 18: 9-11, al-Kahf (the Cave):
"Or dost thou reflect that the companions of the cave and of the inscription were wonders among our Signs? Behold, the youths betook themselves to the cave: they said, our Lord bestow on us mercy from thyself, and dispose of our affair for us in the right way. Then we draw (a veil) over their ears, for a number of years, in the cave, (so that they heard not)".

There is also another famous cave, the Cave of Thawr, where the Prophet Muhammad and Abu Bakr took refuge from their pursuers while fleeing from Mecca to Medina. Abu Bakr is that Companion of the Cave. '; MySubs['ku'] = ' ku = ke u| عَقْل    =    عَقْل
"that he/she/it'; MySubs['relconj'] = ' Relative Conjunction| Remember,
noun with suffix /ye/ + /ke/ =" THE noun"
Don\'t be tempted to translate the /ye/ as "A" or "One"'; MySubs['timeplace'] = ' Time - Space|
-Long before Immanuel Kant and yes, even before Star Trek, the ancients knew about the Time-Space Continuum.
/zamān/ - time(older form)
/zamāna/ - time
/zamāni/ - temporal, transient, worldly
/muzmin/ - lasting, chronic
/zamin/ - earth, ground
/-stān/ - time / place of
/timārestān/ - lunatic asylum
/bustān/ - garden, orchard [place of fragrance]
tābestān/ - summer [time of heat]
/zemestān/ - "winter-time"
/gāh/ -
"place", "going-place", "place to sit", "rank", "time division of 24-hour day" [for recitation of appropriate Zoroastrian /gāthā/] (there were five of them)
/jāh/ - place of exaltation
/gāhi/ -" sometimes"
/gāh-be-gāh/ - "sometimes"
/jāh-be-jāh/ - "right there", "out of place", "juxtaposed"
/pa-gāh/ - "(early) morning"
/bi-gāh/ - "(late) evening", "untimely"
/nā-gāh/ - "suddenly", "untimely"
/nā-gah-ān/ - "suddenly", "untimely"
/kojā/ -" when","how", "never"
These two concepts are also associated with "fortune" and so it\'s difficult to translate words like:
/ruzgār/
/vaqt/
/dawrān/
/sepehr/
'; MySubs['gui'] = ' One-syllable vowel+ /i/| There often occur single syllables ending in a long vowel which have an optional "ye" (although it\'s still pronounced as one syllable)
gu - gui "you say"
pā - pāi - "foot"
su - sui "direction"
shu - shui "you wash"
The word /chai/ "tea" is sometimes taken to be in this category and sometimes not depending on the degree to which the speaker treats it as a loan-word or as a completely nativized Persian word.
You mainly only see this optional /i/ in poetry. It has dropped out of the modern language. '; MySubs['khorat'] = ' personal suffixes| Watch out for personal suffixes appearing on any old word in the sentence. They may not indicate possession.
agar-am = "if I", not "my if"
khor-at = "food [did something to] you", not "your food"'; MySubs['ghalib'] = 'The indefinite "a" = "any one" / "a certain one" | Urdu:
Yek daf`a jab Ramzān guzar chukā, to qil`e men gaye, bādshāh ne puchchā, "Mirzā, tum ne kitne roze rakhe?" `Arz kiyā, "Pir-o Murshid, yek nahin rakhā!"
Translation:
Once when the month of Ramadan was over, Mirza went to [Red] Fort. The emperor asked, "Mirza, how many fast-days did you observe?" Mirza said, "Your Honor, I didn\'t observe one!"

(It is ambiguous whether there was one certain day he didn\'t fast or whether he did not fast on any day at all!!)
This is taken from Hali, page 73.
'; MySubs['pahlavi'] = '/pahla-vi/ & /pahlu-ye/ |We complain about /jelow-v-am/ & /jelow-y-am/ but some folks have it even worse:
apparently, during the reign of the late Reza Shah Pahlavi, (who, by the way adopted as his own the name of the language, Middle Persian also known as Pahlavi) the censors struck out the phrase "esterāhat-e ....?'; MySubs['clothes'] = 'Clothing in this story |`abā - An outer garment, open in front, sleeveless but with large armholes.
chādor-namāz - A chādor reserved by most women for prayer at home, usually of plain or floral-printed calico, but silk and other fine fabrics are preferred by women of the upper classes.
chārqad - A square of cotton, silk or other fabric folded diagonally and worn by women as a head covering, the large point is worn at the back of the neck and the two ends fastened under the chin with a pin.
dāman - In medieval Persian texts the part of a garment (not necessarily a skirt) that fell from the waist.
kafsh - a generic term for leather shoes.
kolāh - Generic term for hat, headgear.
pustin - A loose, long-sleeved cloak like an `abā made of unsheared sheepskin treated with a tanning solution. The fleece is generally worn inside. The outside is traditionally yellow, embroidered in silk or cotton thread.
pirāhan - shirt or shift.
qabā - A long outer cloak buttoned down the front. In the 18th century Reinhold Niebuhr commented on the similarity between this garment and the long robes worn by men depicted on the Persepolis reliefs. In the 19th century the qabā was ankle length and opened down the front. Today mainly worn by members of the Islamic clergy, it is fuller through the torso than earlier versions but still wraps across the front.
shāl - A sash or shawl wrapped around the waist or the head.
tonbān - Trousers, especially boldly embroidered leather breeches worn by contestants in traditional wrestling. In the Qajar period tonbān or tonoka was also the term for a type of men\'s briefs, and it remains the name for women\'s panties.
This information came from the "Historical Lexicon of Persian Clothing" heading in the article "Clothing" by Golam-Hosayn Yusofi in the Encyclopaedia Iranica '; MySubs['ezafe yeh'] = ' The Only Situation Where
Marking an ezāfe is required:
"alef" or "vāv + ezāfe|
Normally the first element of an ezāfe construction optionally takes a "kasre" after it, identical to the marking for a short vowel /e/. That includes words whose last letter is "ye" ‍ی
When a word ends with
"alef"ا or "vāv" ‍و,
the ezāfe is instead REQUIRED to be marked as
"ye" ی .
(Warning: sometimes this sort of ezāfe is marked with both a "ye" AND a "kasre".) -In the case of a word normally ending in "he" ‍ه, you need to determine if that "he" is the pronounced "he" or the unpronounced "he" and then mark accordingly:
kuh-e کوهِ
khāne-ye خانة.
(Some people prefer to write this latter unpronounced "he+ezāfe" in many other ways such as خانه‌ی and this is a hot topic in Persian!)
'; MySubs['aql'] = 'عَقْل    /`aql/ "intelligence"|This is the entry in the Hans Wehr Arabic-English dictionary:

'; MySubs['nzl'] = 'مَنْزِل    /manzel/ "dismounting, stopping off place"|This is the entry in the Hans Wehr Arabic-English dictionary:

'; MySubs['hal'] = 'حَلْ    /hal/ "solving,loosening"|This is the entry in the Hans Wehr Arabic-English dictionary:

'; MySubs['fiqar'] = 'فَقار   /zu-l faqār/ Ali\'s sword|Here is what Lane has included under /faqār/:

'; MySubs['map ref'] = 'Source of Reference| This is a [modified] section of this map.'; MySubs['sepor'] = 'سپردن |This is the entry in the Steingass dictionary:

'; MySubs['chiz'] = 'چيز |This is the entry in the Hobson-Jobson dictionary:

'; MySubs['donia'] = 'دُنْيا |This is the entry in the Hobson-Jobson dictionary:

'; MySubs['cummer'] = 'کمربند |This is the entry in the Hobson-Jobson dictionary:

'; MySubs['tamasha'] = 'د |This is the entry in the Platts dictionary:

'; MySubs['grab'] = 'د |This is the entry in the Borhān Qāte` dictionary:

Our translation:
gereftan: with /kasre/ on the first & second letters and /fathe/ on the 4th. (In the central dialect), from the
Old Persian root agarbāyam, grab = /ittehāz kardan/ (to take on) & /gereftan/
the Avestan root geriwnāiti, grab
Pahlavi garaftan
old Hindi grabh
Kurdish girtin
Baluchi giragh, girag
Sarikol dialect vaghreigh-am
"[from source] Isshaq, 909" and see Hubschmann as well.
Also Pahlavi griftan
"[from source] Tavadia, 2: 161"
[synonyms]: be dast āvordan, daryāft kardan, akhaz kardan, setādan, habs kardan, taskhir kardan.
'; MySubs['punch'] = 'Punch|

This is from Hobson-Jobson

'; MySubs['days'] = 'The Days of the Week |

Days of the Week

English Persian Arabic

Sunday يَکْشَنْبَه يَومُ الاحَد

Monday دُو شَنْبَه يَومُ الاثْنَين

Tuesday سِه شَنْبَه يَومُ الثَلاثاء

Wednesday چَهار شَنْبَه يَومُ الارْبَعا

Thursday پَنْجْشَنْبَه يَومُ الخَميس

Friday آدينَه يَومُ الجُمْعَه

Saturday شَنْبَه يَومُ السَبَت

Source of Reference:
p. 61 of Forbes

'; MySubs['majhul'] = 'Persian /o/ and /e/ | There are two vowels in Persian (/o/ and /e/)which are referred to as /majhul/ "unknown" [in Arabic] as opposed to /ma`ruf/, the "known" /u/ and /i/.
On this website,(except in the "glossary" where you have the "classical" and "Tehrani" right next to each other)" /o/ and /u/ are for simplicity, intentionally marked so as to reflect the modern Tehrani dialect. /o/ is marked as, for example, مُور /mor/ "ant" but مور /mur/. (And if there\’s no "vav" as in مُر, then it\’s pronounced /mor/ as well.)

/e/ is marked for example as
ميخ /mikh/ "peg"
زير /zir/ "beneath"
پيش /pish/ "before", etc.
However, in "classical" Persian (as well as in the modern eastern dialects of Persian) these would be pronounced as /mekh/, /zer/, /pesh/.'; MySubs['gerdsuz'] = 'گِرْدْسوز    kerosene lamp |

Here is the entry for /gerd-suz/ from the Moin dictionary,
complete with illustration!

Gerd-suz [ = gerd-suzande] (sefat-e fā`eli = agentive adjective, /esm/ = noun) A kind of oil lamp whose filament is circular and from the outside a cylindrical globe arises and has a a circular flame.

'; MySubs['dm'] = 'دَرْويش مَرْحَب    Darvish Marhab |

Picture of the real Darvish Marhab, here called "Morshed Marhab".
Open any book on the coffeehouses of old Tehran and you\'ll find mention of Darvish Marhab.
This article is from Najmi,
p. 152

Elocutionists (mas\'ale-gu-hā) and the Story of Morshed Marhab

One of the amusements of the Tehrani\'s were the elocutionists or the morshed\'s who, with husky and booming voices put on spectacles in the squares and streets of the capital. Usually there were two of them, one, the morshed (master, question-asker) and the other

bachche morshed (junior morshed), in this way the morshed would put forth a question before the crowd and the junior morshed would answer. Usually, they wouldn\'t begin without collecting money from the crowd and sometimes they\'d stop the show at a moment of suspense and not resume until the next day so the people would become more eager. One of the familiar faces amongst these morshed\'s was Darvish Marhab who had a tall build and had a knotted, wooden stick in hand which he handled with finesse and when he\'d start to speak, he\'d throw the infamous stick on the ground in a certain move, and he hit his hands together and pick up the stick again and, facing the audience he\'d repeat what he\'d said. It was said he was related to the Qajar family. (Translation into English is our own.)

'; MySubs['akhund'] = 'akhund آخونْد| This is taken from the Dehkhoda dictionary.
Here is our rough translation:
Akhund. [the khe is with /u/ (zamme) and pronounced khu] (Perhaps shortened from /āghā + khāndegār/ with the meaning "master reader". mollā. mollnā. `ālem (knower, scholar). Scholar of religious sciences.

Children\'s schoolmaster. Elementary school teacher. "ākhund-bāzi": to resort to legalistic tricks.
To say: "O teacher, let it not be that you have pains or sorrows [and class should therefore be cancelled!] Suggesting to someone who is not actually sick in such a way that he/she becomes convinced he/she really is sick.
dictionary of colloquial Persian.
Here is our translation:

Hoqqe: Small vessel made of clay or stone or porcelain whose mouth is brought down on an opium pipe and on the sides of which holes are arranged and is used for smoking opium or opium residue.

A person who is clever, naughty, smart and astute and at the same time crafty and
'; MySubs['indef'] = 'The "indefinite" ending "ye"
The "definite" ending "rā" |

reference definiteness selectivity

1. gorg- rā + + + "the wolf" (talked about)

2. gorg-i- rā + _ + "a (certain) wolf, this wolf"

3. gorg-i _ _ + "a (some) wolf"

4. gorg- rā _ + _ "the wolf (-species)"

5. gorg _ _ _ "(a) wolf/wolves" (generic unspecified)

This table is taken from page 37 of Windfuhr.

'; MySubs['prep'] = 'Prepositions |

Without Ezāfe

اَز from تا as far as

با with جُز except

بِه to دَر in

بی without سَر head (optional ezāfe)

بَر on (in compounds) تو in (optional ezāfe)

رو on (optional ezāfe)

With Ezāfe OR compounded with other prepositions, especially /az/ , /bar/ , /be/, /tā/, /dar/ . These are mainly words of other parts of speech used as prepositions)

Prepositions

بِدون without

بَرا for

Nouns

جا instead of طَرَف in the direction of

عَوَز instead of جانِب by the side of

جِهَت because of وَسيلَه by means of

سَبَب because of واسِط by means of

بابَت concerning سَر

head (optional ezāfe)

رو on (optional ezāfe)

Adverbs

بيرون outside نَزْد near, in the presence of, before

خارِج outside نَزْديک near, in the presence of, before

داخِل inside جَلَو before

بالا above پُشْت behind

پايين below عَقَب behind

زير below ميان between

پيش near, in the presence of, before بَين between

پَهْلو

near, in the presence of

This table is largely based on pages 17-19 of Elwell-Sutton

'; MySubs['subor'] = 'Subordinate Clauses |

Subordinating Conjunctions(these are often omitted): ke(that, in order to, because, when), agar(if), agar-che, har-chand(although), va agar(but if), har gāh(if, since, as),bā ān-ke, bā vojud-e āan-ke(in spite of), chon(when, as, like, inasmuch, since), chon-ke, zirā, zirā-ke, banā bar in/ān-ke (because, since), vaqti-i ke, hangām-i ke, mādām-i ke(when, while), hamin-ke(as soon as), tā, tā-ke(while, until, in order to

Attributive subordinate clause:   khāne-i ke mā dar ān soknā dārim - the house we live in

doxtar-i ke tāze u-rā be showhar dāde budand – the girl whom they just married off

Object subordinate clause: u va`de dād ke beyāyad - he promised to come

mikhāham in ketāb rā bekhānam - I want to read this book

Conditional subordinate clause agar beyāyad be u beguid - if he comes, tell him
agar āmade bāshad / agar āmade-ast - if he did come

agar movāfaqat shod - if agreement be reached

agar anjā miravid bā ham beravim - if you\'re going there, let\'s go together

agar miraftam / agar rafte budam u rā mididam - if I had gone, I would have seen him (unreal condition)

Concessive subordinate clause agar-che nazariye-yeshān sahih-ast va likan dar injā nabāyad zekr-ash beshavad - although their opinion is right, it still doesn\'t need to be mentioned here
har chand āmade bāshad, hanuz u rā nadidam - although he has already come, I haven\'t seen him

Subordinate clause of time chon dākhel-e otāq shod, dokhtar-i rā did mānand-e qors-e āftāb - when he entered the room he saw a girl who was like the sun
mādām-i ke ānjā budam u rā nadidam - while I was there, I didn\'t see him

nazdik-e zohr bud ke mā vāred-e Kuchan shodim - it was around noon when we arrived in Kuchan

montazer shodam tā (tā-ke) rafiq-e man āmad - I waited until my friend came

az khāb ke bidār shod, sā`at chahār-o nim rāa neshaān midād - when he woke up, the clock showed 4:30

khob, che shod, dosye rā didid? - all right, just what happened when you saw the dossier?

Subordinate clause of purpose āmadam ke u rā bebinam - I came in order to see him
in ketāb rā be barādar-e khod bedehid tā (tā-ke) bekhāmad - give this book to your brother so that he may read (it)

iraj rā moddat-e chahār sāl-ast ke be madrase-ye san lui gozāshte-and, tahsil nemāyad - it has been 4 years now since they put Iraj in the St Louis school, so that he might study

farmud tā asirān-rā tir andākhtand - he ordered that they shoot the hostages (obsolete usage)

farmud tā asirān-rā tir beandazand - he ordered that they shoot the hostages

Subordinate clause of cause man u rā nadidam chon-ke / zirā, zirā-ke) nayāmad - I didn't see him, since he didn\'t come
digar faryād nakonid ke hic kas nakhāhad āmad - don\'t shout again, because no one will come

Subordinate clause of consequence bā kamāl-e doroshti harf mizad ke mā ranjidim - he spoke very coarsely so that we were offended

This table and most example sentences are largely based on Rastorgueva, pp 58-62 and a little help from Windfuhr, p.88

'; MySubs['part'] = 'Verbal Derivatives|

PARTICIPLES
(Part Verb & Part Adjective)

Past

                 kard-e, raft-e, kosht-e

Present

Agent

Simple verbs kon-ande
gu-y-ande

Compound verbs dānesh-ju
pāk-kon

Action ra-vān, gu-y-ān

Verbal Adjectives in -ā (only a few of these) binā - sighted, shenavā - hearing, listenable, girā - attractive, guyā - capable of speech, rasā - mature, khānā - legible, tavānā - able, dārā - possessing, juyā - seeking

GERUND (=Verbal Noun)
(Part Verb & Part Noun)

khāh-esh, kush-esh

GERUNDIVE
(infinitival adjective)
"about to X"

"X-able"

koshtan-i, raftan-i

This table is almost entirely based on Elwell-Sutton, page 30 and Thackston, pages 165-66

'; MySubs['cond'] = 'Conditional Clauses (contemporary) |

real
(indicative)
imperfect
perfect
agar miravi
agar rafti
if you are (actually)going / (will) go

possible
(subjunctive)
imperfect
perfect
agar beravi
agar rafte bāshi
if you (should) go
if you (should) have gone

irreal
(conditional)
imperfect
perfect
agar mirafti
agar rafte budi
if you would go / went
if you would have gone / had gone

This table reproduced directly from page 92 of Windfuhr

'; MySubs['abjad'] = 'Abjad Numerical Values |

The Abjad numerical arrangement of the Arabic alphabet. This was built on an existing system for Hebrew, Syriac, Aramaic and Greek, that\'s why the additional Arabic letters are dumped on the end. The groupings of letters don\'t have any meaning, just a memory aid. However, if you hear the two "he"s being distinguished as "he-ye hotti" and "he-ye havvaz", now you know what is meant. Sometimes a poem will contain a chronogram, that is, the numerical sum of the letters of a word will add up to a special number, often a date which may be the year the poem was composed or the year the current king came to power.

لا ضظغ

ثَخَذ قَرَشَت سَعَفَص کَلَمَن حُطّی هَوَّز اَبْجَد

10,000 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

This information (with modifications) taken from Tisdall, page 11.

'; MySubs['pabc'] = 'The 32 letters of the Persian Alphabet |

letter name sound

ا alef ā (also a,e,o)

ب be b

پ pe p

ت te t

ث se s

ج jim j

چ che ch

ح he-ye hotti,
he-ye jimi
h

خ khe kh

د dāl d

ذ zāl z

ر re r

ز ze z

ژ zhe zh

س sin s

ش shin sh

ص sād s

ض zād z

ط tā / tayn t

ظ zā / zayn z

ع `ayn `

غ ghayn gh

ف fe f

ق qāf q / gh

ک kāf / ke k

گ gāf / ge g

ل lām l

م mim m

ن nun n

و vāv v, w, u, o

ه hā, he,
he-ye havvaz
h

ی yā / ye y, i

Chart based on Lazard, p. 48-a

'; MySubs['aabc'] = 'The 28 letters of the Arabic Alphabet |

letter name sound

ا
alif
ā ( a, i, u )

ب bā b

ت tā t

ث thā th

ج jim j

ح hā h

خ khā kh

د dāl d

ذ dhāl dh

ر rā r

ز zāin z

س sin s

ش shin sh

ص sād s

ض dād d

ط tā t

ظ zā z

ع `ayn `

غ ghayn gh

ف fā f

ق qāf q

ک kāf k

ل lām l

م mim m

ن nun n

ه hā h

و wāw w

ی yā y

Chart based on Thatcher, page 1-2

'; MySubs['stress'] = 'stress|

Word Stress (often overridden by sentence stress and affected by pitch and intonation) - Stress although subject to variations in dialect and is different in classical and modern forms generally falls on the last syllable of a word.

Exceptions: (with the exceptions, the stress, wherever it falls is generally stronger than when in normal word-final position.) پسر pesar

پسری peSAR-i

in compound verbs & verbs with a prefix, stress is on the prefix or non-verbal element ( if there is a negative prefix, it will take secondary stress) بر نمی گردم bar nemigardam

The vowel before a tashdid or sequence of 2 consonants takes the stress مظفّر mozaffar

unless there is also a long vowel closer to the end عطّار `attār

-i as a suffix forming a noun (or adjective ābi "blue") takes the stress بَدی bad-i

-i as "indefinite" (but not always as referential- mardi rā ke didam / mardi r ā ke didam) is not stressed
chiz-i
a thing

ezāfe, rā , -o ("and"), -ham ("also", "even"), -ke ("that") personal suffixes(but not other suffixes) and forms of ast (including the 2nd person sing ) don\'t take stress دادند dādand

vocatives, vocative suffixes -ā/-yā, and /ay/ expressions
iraj
hey Iraj

sa`diyā oh Sa`di!

ay rafiq
oh friend!

mi-, be-, na-, ma- prefixed to tenses formed from the verbal root all take the accent
می‌آورند
mi āvarand

but not when prefixed to tenses formed from the infinitive (except for -na & -ma which are always stressed)
می گفتند

mi goftand

words which can be used in isolation, especially adverbs امّا amma

words ending in -u نيرو niru

Here are some enlightening minimal pairs: dar gozasht died

dar-gozāsht death

nām-e name of

nāme letter

guyā speaking

guyā seemingly

bezan beat

bezan valiant

vali but

vali guardian

do nafar 2 people

do na far the 2 people

many multi-syllabic words have optional first syllable stress اوّلاً avvalan

demonstratives may have optional first syllable stress آن وقث /   آن وقت

har- and hich- are usually stressed هرکس everyone

هيچ کس no one

Content of this table gathered mainly from Tisdall, pp. 11-13; Lazard, pp. 37-44; Windfuhr, pp. 144-149

';